Theory Fix
section ‹Fixed point operator and admissibility›
theory Fix
imports Cfun
begin
default_sort pcpo
subsection ‹Iteration›
primrec iterate :: "nat ⇒ ('a::cpo → 'a) → ('a → 'a)"
where
"iterate 0 = (Λ F x. x)"
| "iterate (Suc n) = (Λ F x. F⋅(iterate n⋅F⋅x))"
text ‹Derive inductive properties of iterate from primitive recursion›
lemma iterate_0 [simp]: "iterate 0⋅F⋅x = x"
by simp
lemma iterate_Suc [simp]: "iterate (Suc n)⋅F⋅x = F⋅(iterate n⋅F⋅x)"
by simp
declare iterate.simps [simp del]
lemma iterate_Suc2: "iterate (Suc n)⋅F⋅x = iterate n⋅F⋅(F⋅x)"
by (induct n) simp_all
lemma iterate_iterate: "iterate m⋅F⋅(iterate n⋅F⋅x) = iterate (m + n)⋅F⋅x"
by (induct m) simp_all
text ‹The sequence of function iterations is a chain.›
lemma chain_iterate [simp]: "chain (λi. iterate i⋅F⋅⊥)"
by (rule chainI, unfold iterate_Suc2, rule monofun_cfun_arg, rule minimal)
subsection ‹Least fixed point operator›
definition "fix" :: "('a → 'a) → 'a"
where "fix = (Λ F. ⨆i. iterate i⋅F⋅⊥)"
text ‹Binder syntax for \<^term>‹fix››
abbreviation fix_syn :: "('a ⇒ 'a) ⇒ 'a" (binder "μ " 10)
where "fix_syn (λx. f x) ≡ fix⋅(Λ x. f x)"
notation (ASCII)
fix_syn (binder "FIX " 10)
text ‹Properties of \<^term>‹fix››
text ‹direct connection between \<^term>‹fix› and iteration›
lemma fix_def2: "fix⋅F = (⨆i. iterate i⋅F⋅⊥)"
by (simp add: fix_def)
lemma iterate_below_fix: "iterate n⋅f⋅⊥ ⊑ fix⋅f"
unfolding fix_def2
using chain_iterate by (rule is_ub_thelub)
text ‹
Kleene's fixed point theorems for continuous functions in pointed
omega cpo's
›
lemma fix_eq: "fix⋅F = F⋅(fix⋅F)"
apply (simp add: fix_def2)
apply (subst lub_range_shift [of _ 1, symmetric])
apply (rule chain_iterate)
apply (subst contlub_cfun_arg)
apply (rule chain_iterate)
apply simp
done
lemma fix_least_below: "F⋅x ⊑ x ⟹ fix⋅F ⊑ x"
apply (simp add: fix_def2)
apply (rule lub_below)
apply (rule chain_iterate)
apply (induct_tac i)
apply simp
apply simp
apply (erule rev_below_trans)
apply (erule monofun_cfun_arg)
done
lemma fix_least: "F⋅x = x ⟹ fix⋅F ⊑ x"
by (rule fix_least_below) simp
lemma fix_eqI:
assumes fixed: "F⋅x = x"
and least: "⋀z. F⋅z = z ⟹ x ⊑ z"
shows "fix⋅F = x"
apply (rule below_antisym)
apply (rule fix_least [OF fixed])
apply (rule least [OF fix_eq [symmetric]])
done
lemma fix_eq2: "f ≡ fix⋅F ⟹ f = F⋅f"
by (simp add: fix_eq [symmetric])
lemma fix_eq3: "f ≡ fix⋅F ⟹ f⋅x = F⋅f⋅x"
by (erule fix_eq2 [THEN cfun_fun_cong])
lemma fix_eq4: "f = fix⋅F ⟹ f = F⋅f"
by (erule ssubst) (rule fix_eq)
lemma fix_eq5: "f = fix⋅F ⟹ f⋅x = F⋅f⋅x"
by (erule fix_eq4 [THEN cfun_fun_cong])
text ‹strictness of \<^term>‹fix››
lemma fix_bottom_iff: "fix⋅F = ⊥ ⟷ F⋅⊥ = ⊥"
apply (rule iffI)
apply (erule subst)
apply (rule fix_eq [symmetric])
apply (erule fix_least [THEN bottomI])
done
lemma fix_strict: "F⋅⊥ = ⊥ ⟹ fix⋅F = ⊥"
by (simp add: fix_bottom_iff)
lemma fix_defined: "F⋅⊥ ≠ ⊥ ⟹ fix⋅F ≠ ⊥"
by (simp add: fix_bottom_iff)
text ‹\<^term>‹fix› applied to identity and constant functions›
lemma fix_id: "(μ x. x) = ⊥"
by (simp add: fix_strict)
lemma fix_const: "(μ x. c) = c"
by (subst fix_eq) simp
subsection ‹Fixed point induction›
lemma fix_ind: "adm P ⟹ P ⊥ ⟹ (⋀x. P x ⟹ P (F⋅x)) ⟹ P (fix⋅F)"
unfolding fix_def2
apply (erule admD)
apply (rule chain_iterate)
apply (rule nat_induct, simp_all)
done
lemma cont_fix_ind: "cont F ⟹ adm P ⟹ P ⊥ ⟹ (⋀x. P x ⟹ P (F x)) ⟹ P (fix⋅(Abs_cfun F))"
by (simp add: fix_ind)
lemma def_fix_ind: "⟦f ≡ fix⋅F; adm P; P ⊥; ⋀x. P x ⟹ P (F⋅x)⟧ ⟹ P f"
by (simp add: fix_ind)
lemma fix_ind2:
assumes adm: "adm P"
assumes 0: "P ⊥" and 1: "P (F⋅⊥)"
assumes step: "⋀x. ⟦P x; P (F⋅x)⟧ ⟹ P (F⋅(F⋅x))"
shows "P (fix⋅F)"
unfolding fix_def2
apply (rule admD [OF adm chain_iterate])
apply (rule nat_less_induct)
apply (case_tac n)
apply (simp add: 0)
apply (case_tac nat)
apply (simp add: 1)
apply (frule_tac x=nat in spec)
apply (simp add: step)
done
lemma parallel_fix_ind:
assumes adm: "adm (λx. P (fst x) (snd x))"
assumes base: "P ⊥ ⊥"
assumes step: "⋀x y. P x y ⟹ P (F⋅x) (G⋅y)"
shows "P (fix⋅F) (fix⋅G)"
proof -
from adm have adm': "adm (case_prod P)"
unfolding split_def .
have "P (iterate i⋅F⋅⊥) (iterate i⋅G⋅⊥)" for i
by (induct i) (simp add: base, simp add: step)
then have "⋀i. case_prod P (iterate i⋅F⋅⊥, iterate i⋅G⋅⊥)"
by simp
then have "case_prod P (⨆i. (iterate i⋅F⋅⊥, iterate i⋅G⋅⊥))"
by - (rule admD [OF adm'], simp, assumption)
then have "case_prod P (⨆i. iterate i⋅F⋅⊥, ⨆i. iterate i⋅G⋅⊥)"
by (simp add: lub_Pair)
then have "P (⨆i. iterate i⋅F⋅⊥) (⨆i. iterate i⋅G⋅⊥)"
by simp
then show "P (fix⋅F) (fix⋅G)"
by (simp add: fix_def2)
qed
lemma cont_parallel_fix_ind:
assumes "cont F" and "cont G"
assumes "adm (λx. P (fst x) (snd x))"
assumes "P ⊥ ⊥"
assumes "⋀x y. P x y ⟹ P (F x) (G y)"
shows "P (fix⋅(Abs_cfun F)) (fix⋅(Abs_cfun G))"
by (rule parallel_fix_ind) (simp_all add: assms)
subsection ‹Fixed-points on product types›
text ‹
Bekic's Theorem: Simultaneous fixed points over pairs
can be written in terms of separate fixed points.
›
lemma fix_cprod:
"fix⋅(F::'a × 'b → 'a × 'b) =
(μ x. fst (F⋅(x, μ y. snd (F⋅(x, y)))),
μ y. snd (F⋅(μ x. fst (F⋅(x, μ y. snd (F⋅(x, y)))), y)))"
(is "fix⋅F = (?x, ?y)")
proof (rule fix_eqI)
have *: "fst (F⋅(?x, ?y)) = ?x"
by (rule trans [symmetric, OF fix_eq], simp)
have "snd (F⋅(?x, ?y)) = ?y"
by (rule trans [symmetric, OF fix_eq], simp)
with * show "F⋅(?x, ?y) = (?x, ?y)"
by (simp add: prod_eq_iff)
next
fix z
assume F_z: "F⋅z = z"
obtain x y where z: "z = (x, y)" by (rule prod.exhaust)
from F_z z have F_x: "fst (F⋅(x, y)) = x" by simp
from F_z z have F_y: "snd (F⋅(x, y)) = y" by simp
let ?y1 = "μ y. snd (F⋅(x, y))"
have "?y1 ⊑ y"
by (rule fix_least) (simp add: F_y)
then have "fst (F⋅(x, ?y1)) ⊑ fst (F⋅(x, y))"
by (simp add: fst_monofun monofun_cfun)
with F_x have "fst (F⋅(x, ?y1)) ⊑ x"
by simp
then have *: "?x ⊑ x"
by (simp add: fix_least_below)
then have "snd (F⋅(?x, y)) ⊑ snd (F⋅(x, y))"
by (simp add: snd_monofun monofun_cfun)
with F_y have "snd (F⋅(?x, y)) ⊑ y"
by simp
then have "?y ⊑ y"
by (simp add: fix_least_below)
with z * show "(?x, ?y) ⊑ z"
by simp
qed
end