Theory Wellfounded

(*  Title:      HOL/Wellfounded.thy
    Author:     Tobias Nipkow
    Author:     Lawrence C Paulson
    Author:     Konrad Slind
    Author:     Alexander Krauss
    Author:     Andrei Popescu, TU Muenchen
*)

section ‹Well-founded Recursion›

theory Wellfounded
  imports Transitive_Closure
begin

subsection ‹Basic Definitions›

definition wf :: "('a × 'a) set  bool"
  where "wf r  (P. (x. (y. (y, x)  r  P y)  P x)  (x. P x))"

definition wfP :: "('a  'a  bool)  bool"
  where "wfP r  wf {(x, y). r x y}"

lemma wfP_wf_eq [pred_set_conv]: "wfP (λx y. (x, y)  r) = wf r"
  by (simp add: wfP_def)

lemma wfUNIVI: "(P x. (x. (y. (y, x)  r  P y)  P x)  P x)  wf r"
  unfolding wf_def by blast

lemmas wfPUNIVI = wfUNIVI [to_pred]

text ‹Restriction to domain A› and range B›.
  If r› is well-founded over their intersection, then wf r›.›
lemma wfI:
  assumes "r  A × B"
    and "x P. x. (y. (y, x)  r  P y)  P x;  x  A; x  B  P x"
  shows "wf r"
  using assms unfolding wf_def by blast

lemma wf_induct:
  assumes "wf r"
    and "x. y. (y, x)  r  P y  P x"
  shows "P a"
  using assms unfolding wf_def by blast

lemmas wfP_induct = wf_induct [to_pred]

lemmas wf_induct_rule = wf_induct [rule_format, consumes 1, case_names less, induct set: wf]

lemmas wfP_induct_rule = wf_induct_rule [to_pred, induct set: wfP]

lemma wf_not_sym: "wf r  (a, x)  r  (x, a)  r"
  by (induct a arbitrary: x set: wf) blast

lemma wf_asym:
  assumes "wf r" "(a, x)  r"
  obtains "(x, a)  r"
  by (drule wf_not_sym[OF assms])

lemma wf_imp_asym: "wf r  asym r"
  by (auto intro: asymI elim: wf_asym)

lemma wfP_imp_asymp: "wfP r  asymp r"
  by (rule wf_imp_asym[to_pred])

lemma wf_not_refl [simp]: "wf r  (a, a)  r"
  by (blast elim: wf_asym)

lemma wf_irrefl:
  assumes "wf r"
  obtains "(a, a)  r"
  by (drule wf_not_refl[OF assms])

lemma wf_imp_irrefl:
  assumes "wf r" shows "irrefl r" 
  using wf_irrefl [OF assms] by (auto simp add: irrefl_def)

lemma wfP_imp_irreflp: "wfP r  irreflp r"
  by (rule wf_imp_irrefl[to_pred])

lemma wf_wellorderI:
  assumes wf: "wf {(x::'a::ord, y). x < y}"
    and lin: "OFCLASS('a::ord, linorder_class)"
  shows "OFCLASS('a::ord, wellorder_class)"
  apply (rule wellorder_class.intro [OF lin])
  apply (simp add: wellorder_class.intro class.wellorder_axioms.intro wf_induct_rule [OF wf])
  done

lemma (in wellorder) wf: "wf {(x, y). x < y}"
  unfolding wf_def by (blast intro: less_induct)

lemma (in wellorder) wfP_less[simp]: "wfP (<)"
  by (simp add: wf wfP_def)


subsection ‹Basic Results›

text ‹Point-free characterization of well-foundedness›

lemma wfE_pf:
  assumes wf: "wf R"
    and a: "A  R `` A"
  shows "A = {}"
proof -
  from wf have "x  A" for x
  proof induct
    fix x assume "y. (y, x)  R  y  A"
    then have "x  R `` A" by blast
    with a show "x  A" by blast
  qed
  then show ?thesis by auto
qed

lemma wfI_pf:
  assumes a: "A. A  R `` A  A = {}"
  shows "wf R"
proof (rule wfUNIVI)
  fix P :: "'a  bool" and x
  let ?A = "{x. ¬ P x}"
  assume "x. (y. (y, x)  R  P y)  P x"
  then have "?A  R `` ?A" by blast
  with a show "P x" by blast
qed


subsubsection ‹Minimal-element characterization of well-foundedness›

lemma wfE_min:
  assumes wf: "wf R" and Q: "x  Q"
  obtains z where "z  Q" "y. (y, z)  R  y  Q"
  using Q wfE_pf[OF wf, of Q] by blast

lemma wfE_min':
  "wf R  Q  {}  (z. z  Q  (y. (y, z)  R  y  Q)  thesis)  thesis"
  using wfE_min[of R _ Q] by blast

lemma wfI_min:
  assumes a: "x Q. x  Q  zQ. y. (y, z)  R  y  Q"
  shows "wf R"
proof (rule wfI_pf)
  fix A
  assume b: "A  R `` A"
  have False if "x  A" for x
    using a[OF that] b by blast
  then show "A = {}" by blast
qed

lemma wf_eq_minimal: "wf r  (Q x. x  Q  (zQ. y. (y, z)  r  y  Q))"
  apply (rule iffI)
   apply (blast intro:  elim!: wfE_min)
  by (rule wfI_min) auto

lemmas wfP_eq_minimal = wf_eq_minimal [to_pred]


subsubsection ‹Well-foundedness of transitive closure›

lemma wf_trancl:
  assumes "wf r"
  shows "wf (r+)"
proof -
  have "P x" if induct_step: "x. (y. (y, x)  r+  P y)  P x" for P x
  proof (rule induct_step)
    show "P y" if "(y, x)  r+" for y
      using wf r and that
    proof (induct x arbitrary: y)
      case (less x)
      note hyp = x' y'. (x', x)  r  (y', x')  r+  P y'
      from (y, x)  r+ show "P y"
      proof cases
        case base
        show "P y"
        proof (rule induct_step)
          fix y'
          assume "(y', y)  r+"
          with (y, x)  r show "P y'"
            by (rule hyp [of y y'])
        qed
      next
        case step
        then obtain x' where "(x', x)  r" and "(y, x')  r+"
          by simp
        then show "P y" by (rule hyp [of x' y])
      qed
    qed
  qed
  then show ?thesis unfolding wf_def by blast
qed

lemmas wfP_trancl = wf_trancl [to_pred]

lemma wf_converse_trancl: "wf (r¯)  wf ((r+)¯)"
  apply (subst trancl_converse [symmetric])
  apply (erule wf_trancl)
  done

text ‹Well-foundedness of subsets›

lemma wf_subset: "wf r  p  r  wf p"
  by (simp add: wf_eq_minimal) fast

lemmas wfP_subset = wf_subset [to_pred]

text ‹Well-foundedness of the empty relation›

lemma wf_empty [iff]: "wf {}"
  by (simp add: wf_def)

lemma wfP_empty [iff]: "wfP (λx y. False)"
proof -
  have "wfP bot"
    by (fact wf_empty[to_pred bot_empty_eq2])
  then show ?thesis
    by (simp add: bot_fun_def)
qed

lemma wf_Int1: "wf r  wf (r  r')"
  by (erule wf_subset) (rule Int_lower1)

lemma wf_Int2: "wf r  wf (r'  r)"
  by (erule wf_subset) (rule Int_lower2)

text ‹Exponentiation.›
lemma wf_exp:
  assumes "wf (R ^^ n)"
  shows "wf R"
proof (rule wfI_pf)
  fix A assume "A  R `` A"
  then have "A  (R ^^ n) `` A"
    by (induct n) force+
  with wf (R ^^ n) show "A = {}"
    by (rule wfE_pf)
qed

text ‹Well-foundedness of insert›.›
lemma wf_insert [iff]: "wf (insert (y,x) r)  wf r  (x,y)  r*" (is "?lhs = ?rhs")
proof
  assume ?lhs then show ?rhs
    by (blast elim: wf_trancl [THEN wf_irrefl]
        intro: rtrancl_into_trancl1 wf_subset rtrancl_mono [THEN subsetD])
next
  assume R: ?rhs
  then have R': "Q  {}  (zQ. y. (y, z)  r  y  Q)" for Q
    by (auto simp: wf_eq_minimal)
  show ?lhs
    unfolding wf_eq_minimal
  proof clarify
    fix Q :: "'a set" and q
    assume "q  Q"
    then obtain a where "a  Q" and a: "y. (y, a)  r  y  Q"
      using R by (auto simp: wf_eq_minimal)
    show "zQ. y'. (y', z)  insert (y, x) r  y'  Q"
    proof (cases "a=x")
      case True
      show ?thesis
      proof (cases "y  Q")
        case True
        then obtain z where "z  Q" "(z, y)  r*"
                            "z'. (z', z)  r  z'  Q  (z', y)  r*"
          using R' [of "{z  Q. (z,y)  r*}"] by auto
        then have "y'. (y', z)  insert (y, x) r  y'  Q"
          using R by(blast intro: rtrancl_trans)+
        then show ?thesis
          by (rule bexI) fact
      next
        case False
        then show ?thesis
          using a a  Q by blast
      qed
    next
      case False
      with a a  Q show ?thesis
        by blast
    qed
  qed
qed


subsubsection ‹Well-foundedness of image›

lemma wf_map_prod_image_Dom_Ran:
  fixes r:: "('a × 'a) set"
    and f:: "'a  'b"
  assumes wf_r: "wf r"
    and inj: " a a'. a  Domain r  a'  Range r  f a = f a'  a = a'"
  shows "wf (map_prod f f ` r)"
proof (unfold wf_eq_minimal, clarify)
  fix B :: "'b set" and b::"'b"
  assume "b  B"
  define A where "A = f -` B  Domain r"
  show "zB. y. (y, z)  map_prod f f ` r  y  B"
  proof (cases "A = {}")
    case False
    then obtain a0 where "a0  A" and "a. (a, a0)  r  a  A"
      using wfE_min[OF wf_r] by auto
    thus ?thesis
      using inj unfolding A_def
      by (intro bexI[of _ "f a0"]) auto
  qed (use b  B in  unfold A_def, auto)
qed

lemma wf_map_prod_image: "wf r  inj f  wf (map_prod f f ` r)"
by(rule wf_map_prod_image_Dom_Ran) (auto dest: inj_onD)


subsection ‹Well-Foundedness Results for Unions›

lemma wf_union_compatible:
  assumes "wf R" "wf S"
  assumes "R O S  R"
  shows "wf (R  S)"
proof (rule wfI_min)
  fix x :: 'a and Q
  let ?Q' = "{x  Q. y. (y, x)  R  y  Q}"
  assume "x  Q"
  obtain a where "a  ?Q'"
    by (rule wfE_min [OF wf R x  Q]) blast
  with wf S obtain z where "z  ?Q'" and zmin: "y. (y, z)  S  y  ?Q'"
    by (erule wfE_min)
  have "y  Q" if "(y, z)  S" for y
  proof
    from that have "y  ?Q'" by (rule zmin)
    assume "y  Q"
    with y  ?Q' obtain w where "(w, y)  R" and "w  Q" by auto
    from (w, y)  R (y, z)  S have "(w, z)  R O S" by (rule relcompI)
    with R O S  R have "(w, z)  R" ..
    with z  ?Q' have "w  Q" by blast
    with w  Q show False by contradiction
  qed
  with z  ?Q' show "zQ. y. (y, z)  R  S  y  Q" by blast
qed


text ‹Well-foundedness of indexed union with disjoint domains and ranges.›

lemma wf_UN:
  assumes r: "i. i  I  wf (r i)"
    and disj: "i j. i  I; j  I; r i  r j  Domain (r i)  Range (r j) = {}"
  shows "wf (iI. r i)"
  unfolding wf_eq_minimal
proof clarify
  fix A and a :: "'b"
  assume "a  A"
  show "zA. y. (y, z)  (r ` I)  y  A"
  proof (cases "iI. aA. bA. (b, a)  r i")
    case True
    then obtain i b c where ibc: "i  I" "b  A" "c  A" "(c,b)  r i"
      by blast
    have ri: "Q. Q  {}  zQ. y. (y, z)  r i  y  Q"
      using r [OF i  I] unfolding wf_eq_minimal by auto
    show ?thesis
      using ri [of "{a. a  A  (bA. (b, a)  r i) }"] ibc disj
      by blast
  next
    case False
    with a  A show ?thesis
      by blast
  qed
qed

lemma wfP_SUP:
  "i. wfP (r i)  i j. r i  r j  inf (Domainp (r i)) (Rangep (r j)) = bot 
    wfP ((range r))"
  by (rule wf_UN[to_pred]) simp_all

lemma wf_Union:
  assumes "rR. wf r"
    and "rR. sR. r  s  Domain r  Range s = {}"
  shows "wf (R)"
  using assms wf_UN[of R "λi. i"] by simp

text ‹
  Intuition: We find an R ∪ S›-min element of a nonempty subset A› by case distinction.
   There is a step a ─R→ b› with a, b ∈ A›.
    Pick an R›-min element z› of the (nonempty) set {a∈A | ∃b∈A. a ─R→ b}›.
    By definition, there is z' ∈ A› s.t. z ─R→ z'›. Because z› is R›-min in the
    subset, z'› must be R›-min in A›. Because z'› has an R›-predecessor, it cannot
    have an S›-successor and is thus S›-min in A› as well.
   There is no such step.
    Pick an S›-min element of A›. In this case it must be an R›-min
    element of A› as well.
›
lemma wf_Un: "wf r  wf s  Domain r  Range s = {}  wf (r  s)"
  using wf_union_compatible[of s r]
  by (auto simp: Un_ac)

lemma wf_union_merge: "wf (R  S) = wf (R O R  S O R  S)"
  (is "wf ?A = wf ?B")
proof
  assume "wf ?A"
  with wf_trancl have wfT: "wf (?A+)" .
  moreover have "?B  ?A+"
    by (subst trancl_unfold, subst trancl_unfold) blast
  ultimately show "wf ?B" by (rule wf_subset)
next
  assume "wf ?B"
  show "wf ?A"
  proof (rule wfI_min)
    fix Q :: "'a set" and x
    assume "x  Q"
    with wf ?B obtain z where "z  Q" and "y. (y, z)  ?B  y  Q"
      by (erule wfE_min)
    then have 1: "y. (y, z)  R O R  y  Q"
      and 2: "y. (y, z)  S O R  y  Q"
      and 3: "y. (y, z)  S  y  Q"
      by auto
    show "zQ. y. (y, z)  ?A  y  Q"
    proof (cases "y. (y, z)  R  y  Q")
      case True
      with z  Q 3 show ?thesis by blast
    next
      case False
      then obtain z' where "z'Q" "(z', z)  R" by blast
      have "y. (y, z')  ?A  y  Q"
      proof (intro allI impI)
        fix y assume "(y, z')  ?A"
        then show "y  Q"
        proof
          assume "(y, z')  R"
          then have "(y, z)  R O R" using (z', z)  R ..
          with 1 show "y  Q" .
        next
          assume "(y, z')  S"
          then have "(y, z)  S O R" using  (z', z)  R ..
          with 2 show "y  Q" .
        qed
      qed
      with z'  Q show ?thesis ..
    qed
  qed
qed

lemma wf_comp_self: "wf R  wf (R O R)"  ― ‹special case›
  by (rule wf_union_merge [where S = "{}", simplified])


subsection ‹Well-Foundedness of Composition›

text ‹Bachmair and Dershowitz 1986, Lemma 2. [Provided by Tjark Weber]›

lemma qc_wf_relto_iff:
  assumes "R O S  (R  S)* O R" ― ‹R quasi-commutes over S›
  shows "wf (S* O R O S*)  wf R"
    (is "wf ?S  _")
proof
  show "wf R" if "wf ?S"
  proof -
    have "R  ?S" by auto
    with wf_subset [of ?S] that show "wf R"
      by auto
  qed
next
  show "wf ?S" if "wf R"
  proof (rule wfI_pf)
    fix A
    assume A: "A  ?S `` A"
    let ?X = "(R  S)* `` A"
    have *: "R O (R  S)*  (R  S)* O R"
    proof -
      have "(x, z)  (R  S)* O R" if "(y, z)  (R  S)*" and "(x, y)  R" for x y z
        using that
      proof (induct y z)
        case rtrancl_refl
        then show ?case by auto
      next
        case (rtrancl_into_rtrancl a b c)
        then have "(x, c)  ((R  S)* O (R  S)*) O R"
          using assms by blast
        then show ?case by simp
      qed
      then show ?thesis by auto
    qed
    then have "R O S*  (R  S)* O R"
      using rtrancl_Un_subset by blast
    then have "?S  (R  S)* O (R  S)* O R"
      by (simp add: relcomp_mono rtrancl_mono)
    also have " = (R  S)* O R"
      by (simp add: O_assoc[symmetric])
    finally have "?S O (R  S)*  (R  S)* O R O (R  S)*"
      by (simp add: O_assoc[symmetric] relcomp_mono)
    also have "  (R  S)* O (R  S)* O R"
      using * by (simp add: relcomp_mono)
    finally have "?S O (R  S)*  (R  S)* O R"
      by (simp add: O_assoc[symmetric])
    then have "(?S O (R  S)*) `` A  ((R  S)* O R) `` A"
      by (simp add: Image_mono)
    moreover have "?X  (?S O (R  S)*) `` A"
      using A by (auto simp: relcomp_Image)
    ultimately have "?X  R `` ?X"
      by (auto simp: relcomp_Image)
    then have "?X = {}"
      using wf R by (simp add: wfE_pf)
    moreover have "A  ?X" by auto
    ultimately show "A = {}" by simp
  qed
qed

corollary wf_relcomp_compatible:
  assumes "wf R" and "R O S  S O R"
  shows "wf (S O R)"
proof -
  have "R O S  (R  S)* O R"
    using assms by blast
  then have "wf (S* O R O S*)"
    by (simp add: assms qc_wf_relto_iff)
  then show ?thesis
    by (rule Wellfounded.wf_subset) blast
qed


subsection ‹Acyclic relations›

lemma wf_acyclic: "wf r  acyclic r"
  by (simp add: acyclic_def) (blast elim: wf_trancl [THEN wf_irrefl])

lemmas wfP_acyclicP = wf_acyclic [to_pred]


subsubsection ‹Wellfoundedness of finite acyclic relations›

lemma finite_acyclic_wf:
  assumes "finite r" "acyclic r" shows "wf r"
  using assms
proof (induction r rule: finite_induct)
  case (insert x r)
  then show ?case
    by (cases x) simp
qed simp

lemma finite_acyclic_wf_converse: "finite r  acyclic r  wf (r¯)"
  apply (erule finite_converse [THEN iffD2, THEN finite_acyclic_wf])
  apply (erule acyclic_converse [THEN iffD2])
  done

text ‹
  Observe that the converse of an irreflexive, transitive,
  and finite relation is again well-founded. Thus, we may
  employ it for well-founded induction.
›
lemma wf_converse:
  assumes "irrefl r" and "trans r" and "finite r"
  shows "wf (r¯)"
proof -
  have "acyclic r"
    using irrefl r and trans r
    by (simp add: irrefl_def acyclic_irrefl)
  with finite r show ?thesis
    by (rule finite_acyclic_wf_converse)
qed

lemma wf_iff_acyclic_if_finite: "finite r  wf r = acyclic r"
  by (blast intro: finite_acyclic_wf wf_acyclic)


subsection typnat is well-founded›

lemma less_nat_rel: "(<) = (λm n. n = Suc m)++"
proof (rule ext, rule ext, rule iffI)
  fix n m :: nat
  show "(λm n. n = Suc m)++ m n" if "m < n"
    using that
  proof (induct n)
    case 0
    then show ?case by auto
  next
    case (Suc n)
    then show ?case
      by (auto simp add: less_Suc_eq_le le_less intro: tranclp.trancl_into_trancl)
  qed
  show "m < n" if "(λm n. n = Suc m)++ m n"
    using that by (induct n) (simp_all add: less_Suc_eq_le reflexive le_less)
qed

definition pred_nat :: "(nat × nat) set"
  where "pred_nat = {(m, n). n = Suc m}"

definition less_than :: "(nat × nat) set"
  where "less_than = pred_nat+"

lemma less_eq: "(m, n)  pred_nat+  m < n"
  unfolding less_nat_rel pred_nat_def trancl_def by simp

lemma pred_nat_trancl_eq_le: "(m, n)  pred_nat*  m  n"
  unfolding less_eq rtrancl_eq_or_trancl by auto

lemma wf_pred_nat: "wf pred_nat"
  unfolding wf_def
proof clarify
  fix P x
  assume "x'. (y. (y, x')  pred_nat  P y)  P x'"
  then show "P x"
    unfolding pred_nat_def by (induction x) blast+
qed

lemma wf_less_than [iff]: "wf less_than"
  by (simp add: less_than_def wf_pred_nat [THEN wf_trancl])

lemma trans_less_than [iff]: "trans less_than"
  by (simp add: less_than_def)

lemma less_than_iff [iff]: "((x,y)  less_than) = (x<y)"
  by (simp add: less_than_def less_eq)

lemma irrefl_less_than: "irrefl less_than"
  using irrefl_def by blast

lemma asym_less_than: "asym less_than"
  by (rule asymI) simp

lemma total_less_than: "total less_than" and total_on_less_than [simp]: "total_on A less_than"
  using total_on_def by force+

lemma wf_less: "wf {(x, y::nat). x < y}"
  by (rule Wellfounded.wellorder_class.wf)


subsection ‹Accessible Part›

text ‹
  Inductive definition of the accessible part acc r› of a
  relation; see also cite"paulin-tlca".
›

inductive_set acc :: "('a × 'a) set  'a set" for r :: "('a × 'a) set"
  where accI: "(y. (y, x)  r  y  acc r)  x  acc r"

abbreviation termip :: "('a  'a  bool)  'a  bool"
  where "termip r  accp (r¯¯)"

abbreviation termi :: "('a × 'a) set  'a set"
  where "termi r  acc (r¯)"

lemmas accpI = accp.accI

lemma accp_eq_acc [code]: "accp r = (λx. x  Wellfounded.acc {(x, y). r x y})"
  by (simp add: acc_def)


text ‹Induction rules›

theorem accp_induct:
  assumes major: "accp r a"
  assumes hyp: "x. accp r x  y. r y x  P y  P x"
  shows "P a"
  apply (rule major [THEN accp.induct])
  apply (rule hyp)
   apply (rule accp.accI)
   apply auto
  done

lemmas accp_induct_rule = accp_induct [rule_format, induct set: accp]

theorem accp_downward: "accp r b  r a b  accp r a"
  by (cases rule: accp.cases)

lemma not_accp_down:
  assumes na: "¬ accp R x"
  obtains z where "R z x" and "¬ accp R z"
proof -
  assume a: "z. R z x  ¬ accp R z  thesis"
  show thesis
  proof (cases "z. R z x  accp R z")
    case True
    then have "z. R z x  accp R z" by auto
    then have "accp R x" by (rule accp.accI)
    with na show thesis ..
  next
    case False then obtain z where "R z x" and "¬ accp R z"
      by auto
    with a show thesis .
  qed
qed

lemma accp_downwards_aux: "r** b a  accp r a  accp r b"
  by (erule rtranclp_induct) (blast dest: accp_downward)+

theorem accp_downwards: "accp r a  r** b a  accp r b"
  by (blast dest: accp_downwards_aux)

theorem accp_wfPI: "x. accp r x  wfP r"
proof (rule wfPUNIVI)
  fix P x
  assume "x. accp r x" "x. (y. r y x  P y)  P x"
  then show "P x"
    using accp_induct[where P = P] by blast
qed

theorem accp_wfPD: "wfP r  accp r x"
  apply (erule wfP_induct_rule)
  apply (rule accp.accI)
  apply blast
  done

theorem wfP_accp_iff: "wfP r = (x. accp r x)"
  by (blast intro: accp_wfPI dest: accp_wfPD)


text ‹Smaller relations have bigger accessible parts:›

lemma accp_subset:
  assumes "R1  R2"
  shows "accp R2  accp R1"
proof (rule predicate1I)
  fix x
  assume "accp R2 x"
  then show "accp R1 x"
  proof (induct x)
    fix x
    assume "y. R2 y x  accp R1 y"
    with assms show "accp R1 x"
      by (blast intro: accp.accI)
  qed
qed


text ‹This is a generalized induction theorem that works on
  subsets of the accessible part.›

lemma accp_subset_induct:
  assumes subset: "D  accp R"
    and dcl: "x z. D x  R z x  D z"
    and "D x"
    and istep: "x. D x  (z. R z x  P z)  P x"
  shows "P x"
proof -
  from subset and D x
  have "accp R x" ..
  then show "P x" using D x
  proof (induct x)
    fix x
    assume "D x" and "y. R y x  D y  P y"
    with dcl and istep show "P x" by blast
  qed
qed


text ‹Set versions of the above theorems›

lemmas acc_induct = accp_induct [to_set]
lemmas acc_induct_rule = acc_induct [rule_format, induct set: acc]
lemmas acc_downward = accp_downward [to_set]
lemmas not_acc_down = not_accp_down [to_set]
lemmas acc_downwards_aux = accp_downwards_aux [to_set]
lemmas acc_downwards = accp_downwards [to_set]
lemmas acc_wfI = accp_wfPI [to_set]
lemmas acc_wfD = accp_wfPD [to_set]
lemmas wf_acc_iff = wfP_accp_iff [to_set]
lemmas acc_subset = accp_subset [to_set]
lemmas acc_subset_induct = accp_subset_induct [to_set]


subsection ‹Tools for building wellfounded relations›

text ‹Inverse Image›

lemma wf_inv_image [simp,intro!]: 
  fixes f :: "'a  'b"
  assumes "wf r"
  shows "wf (inv_image r f)"
proof -
  have "x P. x  P  zP. y. (f y, f z)  r  y  P"
  proof -
    fix P and x::'a
    assume "x  P"
    then obtain w where w: "w  {w. x::'a. x  P  f x = w}"
      by auto
    have *: "Q u. u  Q  zQ. y. (y, z)  r  y  Q"
      using assms by (auto simp add: wf_eq_minimal)
    show "zP. y. (f y, f z)  r  y  P"
      using * [OF w] by auto
  qed
  then show ?thesis
    by (clarsimp simp: inv_image_def wf_eq_minimal)
qed


subsubsection ‹Conversion to a known well-founded relation›

lemma wf_if_convertible_to_wf:
  fixes r :: "'a rel" and s :: "'b rel" and f :: "'a  'b"
  assumes "wf s" and convertible: "x y. (x, y)  r  (f x, f y)  s"
  shows "wf r"
proof (rule wfI_min[of r])
  fix x :: 'a and Q :: "'a set"
  assume "x  Q"
  then obtain y where "y  Q" and "z. (f z, f y)  s  z  Q"
    by (auto elim: wfE_min[OF wf_inv_image[of s f, OF wf s], unfolded in_inv_image])
  thus "z  Q. y. (y, z)  r  y  Q"
    by (auto intro: convertible)
qed

lemma wfP_if_convertible_to_wfP: "wfP S  (x y. R x y  S (f x) (f y))  wfP R"
  using wf_if_convertible_to_wf[to_pred, of S R f] by simp

text ‹Converting to @{typ nat} is a very common special case that might be found more easily by
  Sledgehammer.›

lemma wfP_if_convertible_to_nat:
  fixes f :: "_  nat"
  shows "(x y. R x y  f x < f y)  wfP R"
  by (rule wfP_if_convertible_to_wfP[of "(<) :: nat  nat  bool", simplified])


subsubsection ‹Measure functions into typnat

definition measure :: "('a  nat)  ('a × 'a) set"
  where "measure = inv_image less_than"

lemma in_measure[simp, code_unfold]: "(x, y)  measure f  f x < f y"
  by (simp add:measure_def)

lemma wf_measure [iff]: "wf (measure f)"
  unfolding measure_def by (rule wf_less_than [THEN wf_inv_image])

lemma wf_if_measure: "(x. P x  f(g x) < f x)  wf {(y,x). P x  y = g x}"
  for f :: "'a  nat"
  using wf_measure[of f] unfolding measure_def inv_image_def less_than_def less_eq
  by (rule wf_subset) auto


subsubsection ‹Lexicographic combinations›

definition lex_prod :: "('a ×'a) set  ('b × 'b) set  (('a × 'b) × ('a × 'b)) set"
    (infixr "<*lex*>" 80)
    where "ra <*lex*> rb = {((a, b), (a', b')). (a, a')  ra  a = a'  (b, b')  rb}"

lemma in_lex_prod[simp]: "((a, b), (a', b'))  r <*lex*> s  (a, a')  r  a = a'  (b, b')  s"
  by (auto simp:lex_prod_def)

lemma wf_lex_prod [intro!]:
  assumes "wf ra" "wf rb"
  shows "wf (ra <*lex*> rb)"
proof (rule wfI)
  fix z :: "'a × 'b" and P
  assume * [rule_format]: "u. (v. (v, u)  ra <*lex*> rb  P v)  P u"
  obtain x y where zeq: "z = (x,y)"
    by fastforce
  have "P(x,y)" using wf ra
  proof (induction x arbitrary: y rule: wf_induct_rule)
    case (less x)
    note lessx = less
    show ?case using wf rb less
    proof (induction y rule: wf_induct_rule)
      case (less y)
      show ?case
        by (force intro: * less.IH lessx)
    qed
  qed
  then show "P z"
    by (simp add: zeq)
qed auto

lemma refl_lex_prod[simp]: "refl rB  refl (rA <*lex*> rB)"
  by (auto intro!: reflI dest: refl_onD)

lemma irrefl_on_lex_prod[simp]:
  "irrefl_on A rA  irrefl_on B rB  irrefl_on (A × B) (rA <*lex*> rB)"
  by (auto intro!: irrefl_onI dest: irrefl_onD)

lemma irrefl_lex_prod[simp]: "irrefl rA  irrefl rB  irrefl (rA <*lex*> rB)"
  by (rule irrefl_on_lex_prod[of UNIV _ UNIV, unfolded UNIV_Times_UNIV])

lemma sym_on_lex_prod[simp]:
  "sym_on A rA  sym_on B rB  sym_on (A × B) (rA <*lex*> rB)"
  by (auto intro!: sym_onI dest: sym_onD)

lemma sym_lex_prod[simp]:
  "sym rA  sym rB  sym (rA <*lex*> rB)"
  by (rule sym_on_lex_prod[of UNIV _ UNIV, unfolded UNIV_Times_UNIV])

lemma asym_on_lex_prod[simp]:
  "asym_on A rA  asym_on B rB  asym_on (A × B) (rA <*lex*> rB)"
  by (auto intro!: asym_onI dest: asym_onD)

lemma asym_lex_prod[simp]:
  "asym rA  asym rB  asym (rA <*lex*> rB)"
  by (rule asym_on_lex_prod[of UNIV _ UNIV, unfolded UNIV_Times_UNIV])

lemma trans_on_lex_prod[simp]:
  assumes "trans_on A rA" and "trans_on B rB"
  shows "trans_on (A × B) (rA <*lex*> rB)"
proof (rule trans_onI)
  fix x y z
  show "x  A × B  y  A × B  z  A × B 
       (x, y)  rA <*lex*> rB  (y, z)  rA <*lex*> rB  (x, z)  rA <*lex*> rB"
  using trans_onD[OF trans_on A rA, of "fst x" "fst y" "fst z"]
  using trans_onD[OF trans_on B rB, of "snd x" "snd y" "snd z"]
  by auto
qed

lemma trans_lex_prod [simp,intro!]: "trans rA  trans rB  trans (rA <*lex*> rB)"
  by (rule trans_on_lex_prod[of UNIV _ UNIV, unfolded UNIV_Times_UNIV])

lemma total_on_lex_prod[simp]:
  "total_on A rA  total_on B rB  total_on (A × B) (rA <*lex*> rB)"
  by (auto simp: total_on_def)

lemma total_lex_prod[simp]: "total rA  total rB  total (rA <*lex*> rB)"
  by (rule total_on_lex_prod[of UNIV _ UNIV, unfolded UNIV_Times_UNIV])

text ‹lexicographic combinations with measure functions›

definition mlex_prod :: "('a  nat)  ('a × 'a) set  ('a × 'a) set" (infixr "<*mlex*>" 80)
  where "f <*mlex*> R = inv_image (less_than <*lex*> R) (λx. (f x, x))"

lemma
  wf_mlex: "wf R  wf (f <*mlex*> R)" and
  mlex_less: "f x < f y  (x, y)  f <*mlex*> R" and
  mlex_leq: "f x  f y  (x, y)  R  (x, y)  f <*mlex*> R" and
  mlex_iff: "(x, y)  f <*mlex*> R  f x < f y  f x = f y  (x, y)  R"
  by (auto simp: mlex_prod_def)

text ‹Proper subset relation on finite sets.›
definition finite_psubset :: "('a set × 'a set) set"
  where "finite_psubset = {(A, B). A  B  finite B}"

lemma wf_finite_psubset[simp]: "wf finite_psubset"
  apply (unfold finite_psubset_def)
  apply (rule wf_measure [THEN wf_subset])
  apply (simp add: measure_def inv_image_def less_than_def less_eq)
  apply (fast elim!: psubset_card_mono)
  done

lemma trans_finite_psubset: "trans finite_psubset"
  by (auto simp: finite_psubset_def less_le trans_def)

lemma in_finite_psubset[simp]: "(A, B)  finite_psubset  A  B  finite B"
  unfolding finite_psubset_def by auto

text ‹max- and min-extension of order to finite sets›

inductive_set max_ext :: "('a × 'a) set  ('a set × 'a set) set"
  for R :: "('a × 'a) set"
  where max_extI[intro]:
    "finite X  finite Y  Y  {}  (x. x  X  yY. (x, y)  R)  (X, Y)  max_ext R"

lemma max_ext_wf:
  assumes wf: "wf r"
  shows "wf (max_ext r)"
proof (rule acc_wfI, intro allI)
  show "M  acc (max_ext r)" (is "_  ?W") for M
  proof (induct M rule: infinite_finite_induct)
    case empty
    show ?case
      by (rule accI) (auto elim: max_ext.cases)
  next
    case (insert a M)
    from wf M  ?W finite M show "insert a M  ?W"
    proof (induct arbitrary: M)
      fix M a
      assume "M  ?W"
      assume [intro]: "finite M"
      assume hyp: "b M. (b, a)  r  M  ?W  finite M  insert b M  ?W"
      have add_less: "M  ?W  (y. y  N  (y, a)  r)  N  M  ?W"
        if "finite N" "finite M" for N M :: "'a set"
        using that by (induct N arbitrary: M) (auto simp: hyp)
      show "insert a M  ?W"
      proof (rule accI)
        fix N
        assume Nless: "(N, insert a M)  max_ext r"
        then have *: "x. x  N  (x, a)  r  (y  M. (x, y)  r)"
          by (auto elim!: max_ext.cases)

        let ?N1 = "{n  N. (n, a)  r}"
        let ?N2 = "{n  N. (n, a)  r}"
        have N: "?N1  ?N2 = N" by (rule set_eqI) auto
        from Nless have "finite N" by (auto elim: max_ext.cases)
        then have finites: "finite ?N1" "finite ?N2" by auto

        have "?N2  ?W"
        proof (cases "M = {}")
          case [simp]: True
          have Mw: "{}  ?W" by (rule accI) (auto elim: max_ext.cases)
          from * have "?N2 = {}" by auto
          with Mw show "?N2  ?W" by (simp only:)
        next
          case False
          from * finites have N2: "(?N2, M)  max_ext r"
            using max_extI[OF _ _ M  {}, where ?X = ?N2] by auto
          with M  ?W show "?N2  ?W" by (rule acc_downward)
        qed
        with finites have "?N1  ?N2  ?W"
          by (rule add_less) simp
        then show "N  ?W" by (simp only: N)
      qed
    qed
  next
    case infinite
    show ?case
      by (rule accI) (auto elim: max_ext.cases simp: infinite)
  qed
qed

lemma max_ext_additive: "(A, B)  max_ext R  (C, D)  max_ext R  (A  C, B  D)  max_ext R"
  by (force elim!: max_ext.cases)

definition min_ext :: "('a × 'a) set  ('a set × 'a set) set"
  where "min_ext r = {(X, Y) | X Y. X  {}  (y  Y. (x  X. (x, y)  r))}"

lemma min_ext_wf:
  assumes "wf r"
  shows "wf (min_ext r)"
proof (rule wfI_min)
  show "m  Q. (n. (n, m)  min_ext r  n  Q)" if nonempty: "x  Q"
    for Q :: "'a set set" and x
  proof (cases "Q = {{}}")
    case True
    then show ?thesis by (simp add: min_ext_def)
  next
    case False
    with nonempty obtain e x where "x  Q" "e  x" by force
    then have eU: "e  Q" by auto
    with wf r
    obtain z where z: "z  Q" "y. (y, z)  r  y  Q"
      by (erule wfE_min)
    from z obtain m where "m  Q" "z  m" by auto
    from m  Q show ?thesis
    proof (intro rev_bexI allI impI)
      fix n
      assume smaller: "(n, m)  min_ext r"
      with z  m obtain y where "y  n" "(y, z)  r"
        by (auto simp: min_ext_def)
      with z(2) show "n  Q" by auto
    qed
  qed
qed


subsubsection ‹Bounded increase must terminate›

lemma wf_bounded_measure:
  fixes ub :: "'a  nat"
    and f :: "'a  nat"
  assumes "a b. (b, a)  r  ub b  ub a  ub a  f b  f b > f a"
  shows "wf r"
  by (rule wf_subset[OF wf_measure[of "λa. ub a - f a"]]) (auto dest: assms)

lemma wf_bounded_set:
  fixes ub :: "'a  'b set"
    and f :: "'a  'b set"
  assumes "a b. (b,a)  r  finite (ub a)  ub b  ub a  ub a  f b  f b  f a"
  shows "wf r"
  apply (rule wf_bounded_measure[of r "λa. card (ub a)" "λa. card (f a)"])
  apply (drule assms)
  apply (blast intro: card_mono finite_subset psubset_card_mono dest: psubset_eq[THEN iffD2])
  done

lemma finite_subset_wf:
  assumes "finite A"
  shows "wf {(X, Y). X  Y  Y  A}"
  by (rule wf_subset[OF wf_finite_psubset[unfolded finite_psubset_def]])
    (auto intro: finite_subset[OF _ assms])

hide_const (open) acc accp

end